Retired Field Marshal Abdel Fattah al-Sisi was elected president in May , almost a year after he removed his elected predecessor, the Muslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Morsi, from office in a coup. He had served as armed forced chief under Mr Morsi, and was a key figure in the interim government which took over after the ouster. Some Egyptians celebrated the possibility that Mr Sisi would bring stability to a country in upheaval since the removal of long-term leader Hosni Mubarak during the Arab Spring uprising in Others worry that he represents a return to the authoritarian security state that prevailed under Mr Mubarak.
Mr Sisi won a second four-year-term in March against a sole minor opposition candidate. Human rights lawyer Khalid Ali and former prime minister Ahmad Shafiq withdrew from the race, and the former armed forces chief of staff Sami Anan was arrested.
In addition to Egypt's struggling economy, President Sisi also has to deal with an Islamist insurgency on its borders with Israel and Gaza. Egypt is a major regional media player. Its TV and film industries supply much of the Arab-speaking world with content and its press is influential. TV is the favourite medium and there are several big hitters in the sector, including the state broadcaster.
The authorities have been increasing controls over traditional and social media to an unprecedented degree. In addition to its management of daily affairs and setting strategies for development and reform in all areas, it has a role in shaping the agenda of the houses of Parliament by proposing laws to Parliament, as well as amendments during parliamentary meetings. It may also make use of procedures to speed up parliamentary deliberations.
Articles and of the former Constitution clearly define the legal capacity of the Cabinet as follows:. Ministry of Agriculture and Land Cultivatio. Ministry of Defense and Military Production. Ministry of Justice. Ministry of Culture. Ministry of Education. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ministry of Industry and Trade. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. Ministry of Manpower and Immigration.
Ministry of Religious Endowment Awqaf. Ministry of Higher Education. Ministry of Scientific Research. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. Ministry of Interior Affairs. Ministry of State for Local Development. Ministry of Supply and Social Affairs. Ministry of Insurance and Social Affairs. Ministry of Investment. C Tel: Michigan Ave. Read more. The Court of Cessation is the highest court of appeal for criminal and civil cases.
The Supreme Administrative Court SAC is made up of the president of the court and it is structured in circuits as well, and cases are heard by a panel of five judges. The Supreme Administrative Court is the highest court of the state council.
According to the constitution, all the judges and justices are selected by the Supreme Judiciary Council and the appointment is done by the president. Judges are appointed for life. There are other subordinate courts in the country which include the courts of Appeal, Courts of the First instance, courts of limited jurisdiction, and family courts that were established in The country had several constitutions over the years even when it was a monarchy state prior to In , another constitution was enacted and abrogated five years later after protests and the constitution was adopted.
The same constitution was permanently abolished in the revolution when the country became a republic. In an interim constitution was promulgated, but in a new constitution was adopted through a referendum to replace the interim constitution and was amended in , and
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