The person may or may not experience psychotic symptoms. The exact cause is unknown, but a genetic predisposition has been clearly established. Environmental stressors can also trigger episodes of this mental illness. For more information see: Bipolar disorder.
Depression is a mood disorder characterised by lowering of mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy. It is not just feeling sad. There are different types and symptoms of depression.
There are varying levels of severity and symptoms related to depression. Symptoms of depression can lead to increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behaviours. For more information see: Depression. Dissociation is a mental process where a person disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, memories or sense of identity. Dissociative disorders include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, depersonalisation disorder and dissociative identity disorder.
For more information see: Dissociation and dissociative disorders. Eating disorders include anorexia, bulimia nervosa and other binge eating disorders. Eating disorders affect females and males and can have serious psychological and physical consequences. For more information see: Eating disorders.
Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD is an anxiety disorder. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts, images or impulses that are intrusive and unwanted. Compulsions are time-consuming and distressing repetitive rituals. Ttreatments include cognitive behaviour therapy CBT , and medications. For more information see: Obsessive compulsive disorder. Paranoia may be a symptom of conditions including paranoid personality disorder, delusional paranoid disorder and schizophrenia.
Treatment for paranoiainclude medications and psychological support. For more information see: Paranoia. Post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop as a response to people who have experienced any traumatic event.
This can be a car or other serious accident, physical or sexual assault, war-related events or torture, or natural disasters such as bushfires or floods. For more information see: Post-traumatic stress disorder. Trauma and stressor-related disorders involve exposure to a stressful or traumatic event.
Disorders included in this category include:. Acute stress disorder is characterized by the emergence of severe anxiety for up to a one month period after exposure to a traumatic event. Some examples of traumatic events include natural disasters, war, accidents, and witnessing a death. As a result, the individual may experience dissociative symptoms such as a sense of altered reality, an inability to remember important aspects of the event, and vivid flashbacks as if the event were reoccurring.
Other symptoms can include reduced emotional responsiveness, distressing memories of the trauma, and difficulty experiencing positive emotions. Adjustment disorders can occur as a response to a sudden change such as divorce, job loss, end of a close relationship, a move, or some other loss or disappointment.
This type of psychological disorder can affect both children and adults and is characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, depressed mood, worry, anger, hopelessness, and feelings of isolation. PTSD can develop after an individual has experienced exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.
Symptoms of PTSD include episodes of reliving or re-experiencing the event, avoiding things that remind the individual about the event, feeling on edge, and having negative thoughts.
Nightmares, flashbacks, bursts of anger, difficulty concentrating, exaggerated startle response, and difficulty remembering aspects of the event are just a few possible symptoms that people with PTSD might experience. Reactive attachment disorder can result when children do not form normal healthy relationships and attachments with adult caregivers during the first few years of childhood.
Symptoms of the disorder include being withdrawn from adult caregivers and social and emotional disturbances that result from patterns of insufficient care and neglect.
Dissociative disorders are psychological disorders that involve a dissociation or interruption in aspects of consciousness , including identity and memory. This disorder involves a temporary loss of memory as a result of dissociation. In many cases, this memory loss, which may last for just a brief period or for many years, is a result of some type of psychological trauma.
Dissociative amnesia is much more than simple forgetfulness. Those who experience this disorder may remember some details about events but may have no recall of other details around a circumscribed period of time.
Formerly known as multiple personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder involves the presence of two or more different identities or personalities. Each of these personalities has its own way of perceiving and interacting with the environment. People with this disorder experience changes in behavior, memory, perception, emotional response, and consciousness.
People who have this disorder often feel a sense of unreality and an involuntary disconnect from their own memories, feelings, and consciousness. Formerly referred to under the heading of somatoform disorders, this category is now known as somatic symptoms and related disorders. In contrast to previous ways of conceptualizing these disorders based on the absence of a medical explanation for the physical symptoms, the current diagnosis emphasizes the abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that occur in response to these symptoms.
Disorders included in this category:. Somatic symptom disorder involves a preoccupation with physical symptoms that make it difficult to function normally. This preoccupation with symptoms results in emotional distress and difficulty coping with daily life.
It is important to note that somatic symptoms do not indicate that individuals are faking their physical pain, fatigue, or other symptoms. In this situation, it is not so much the actual physical symptoms that are disrupting the individual's life as it is the extreme reaction and resulting behaviors. Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive concern about having an undiagnosed medical condition.
Those who experience this psychological disorder worry excessively about body functions and sensations are convinced that they have or will get a serious disease, and are not reassured when medical tests come back negative. This preoccupation with illness causes significant anxiety and distress.
Conversion disorder involves experiencing motor or sensory symptoms that lack a compatible neurological or medical explanation. In many cases, the disorder follows a real physical injury or stressful even which then results in a psychological and emotional response.
Factitious disorder used to have its own category, is now included under the somatic symptom and related disorders category of the DSM A factitious disorder is when an individual intentionally creates, fakes, or exaggerates symptoms of illness. Munchausen syndrome, in which people feign an illness to attract attention, is one severe form of factitious disorder. Eating disorders are characterized by obsessive concerns with weight and disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical and mental health.
Feeding and eating disorders that used to be diagnosed during infancy and childhood have been moved to this category in the DSM Anorexia nervosa is characterized by restricted food consumption that leads to weight loss and a very low body weight.
Those who experience this disorder also have a preoccupation and fear of gaining weight as well as a distorted view of their own appearance and behavior. Bulimia nervosa involves binging and then taking extreme steps to compensate for these binges. These compensatory behaviors might include self-induced vomiting, the abuse of laxatives or diuretics, and excessive exercise. Rumination disorder is marked by regurgitating previously chewed or swallowed food in order to either spit it out or re-swallow it.
Most of those affected by this disorder are children or adults who also have a developmental delay or intellectual disability. Additional problems that can result from this behavior include dental decay, esophageal ulcers, and malnutrition.
Pica involves craving and consuming non-food substances such as dirt, paint, or soap. The disorder most commonly affects children and those with developmental disabilities. Not only do people overeat, however, they also feel as if they have no control over their eating. Binge eating episodes are sometimes triggered by certain emotions such as feeling happy or anxious, by boredom or following stressful events. Sleep disorders involve an interruption in sleep patterns that lead to distress and affects daytime functioning.
Examples of sleep disorders include:. Narcolepsy is a condition in which people experience an irrepressible need to sleep. People with narcolepsy may experience a sudden loss of muscle tone. Insomnia disorder involves being unable to get enough sleep to feel rested.
While all people experience sleeping difficulties and interruptions at some point, insomnia is considered a disorder when it is accompanied by significant distress or impairment over time.
Hypersomnolence disorder is characterized by excessive sleepiness despite an adequate main sleep period. People with this condition may fall asleep during the day at inappropriate times such as at work and school. Breathing-related sleep disorders are those that involve breathing anomalies such as sleep apnea that can occur during sleep. These breathing problems can result in brief interruptions in sleep that can lead to other problems including insomnia and daytime sleepiness.
Parasomnias involve disorders that feature abnormal behaviors that take place during sleep. Such disorders include sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleep talking, and sleep eating. Restless legs syndrome is a neurological condition that involves having uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move the legs in order to relieve the sensations.
People with this condition may feel tugging, creeping, burning, and crawling sensations in their legs resulting in an excessive movement which then interferes with sleep. Sleep disorders related to other mental disorders as well as sleep disorders related to general medical conditions have been removed from the DSM The latest edition of the DSM also provides more emphasis on coexisting conditions for each of the sleep-wake disorders.
This change, the APA explains, "underscores that the individual has a sleep disorder warranting independent clinical attention, in addition to any medical and mental disorders that are also present, and acknowledges the bidirectional and interactive effects between sleep disorders and coexisting medical and mental disorders.
Impulse-control disorders are those that involve an inability to control emotions and behaviors, resulting in harm to oneself or others. Types of impulse-control disorders include:. Kleptomania involves an inability to control the impulse to steal. People who have kleptomania will often steal things that they do not really need or that have no real monetary value.
Those with this condition experience escalating tension prior to committing a theft and feel relief and gratification afterwards. Pyromania involves a fascination with fire that results in acts of fire-starting that endanger the self and others.
People who struggle with pyromania purposefully and deliberately have set fires more than one time. They also experience tension and emotional arousal before setting a fire. Intermittent explosive disorder is characterized by brief outbursts of anger and violence that are out of proportion for the situation.
People with this disorder may erupt into angry outbursts or violent actions in response to everyday annoyances or disappointments.
Conduct disorder is a condition diagnosed in children and adolescents under the age of 18 who regularly violate social norms and the rights of others.
Children with this disorder display aggression toward people and animals, destroy property, steal and deceive, and violate other rules and laws. These behaviors result in significant problems in a child's academic, work, or social functioning. Oppositional defiant disorder begins prior to the age of 18 and is characterized by defiance, irritability, anger, aggression, and vindictiveness.
While all kids behave defiantly sometimes, kids with oppositional defiant disorder refuse to comply with adult requests almost all the time and engage in behaviors to deliberately annoy others. Depressive disorders are a type of mood disorder that include a number of conditions. They are all characterized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical and cognitive symptoms. They differ in terms of duration, timing, or presumed etiology. The depressive disorders are all characterized by feelings of sadness and low mood that are persistent and severe enough to affect how a person functions.
Common symptoms shared by these disorders include difficulty feeling interested and motivated, lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities, sleep disturbances, and poor concentration. The diagnostic criteria vary for each specific condition. For major depressive disorder, diagnosis requires an individual to experience five or more of the following symptoms over the same two-week period. One of these symptoms must include either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities.
Symptoms can include:. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at for support and assistance from a trained counselor. It may include psychotherapy and medications. Psychotherapy , or talk therapy, may help in managing personality disorders.
During psychotherapy, you and a therapist can discuss your condition, as well as your feelings and thoughts. This can provide you with insight on how to manage your symptoms and behaviors that interfere with your daily life. There are many types of psychotherapy. Dialectical behavior therapy can include group and individual sessions where people learn how to tolerate stress and improve relationships.
Cognitive behavioral therapy aims to teach people how to change negative thinking patterns so they can better cope with everyday challenges. However, certain types of prescription medications might be helpful in reducing various personality disorder symptoms, such as:. If you think someone may have symptoms of a personality disorder, or if they tell you that they think they do, encourage them to talk with a mental health professional.
While voicing your concerns may cause tension, emphasize that your first priority is their well-being. Call or local emergency services if you ever feel that the other person intends to cause harm to themselves or others. You can also provide your loved one with a list of crisis resources for when they need immediate support. The most important aspect of treating a personality disorder is determining the condition in the first place.
When you recognize that you have a mental health condition, it will be easier for you to seek and stick with treatment. Once you find a treatment that works for you, you should see an improvement in your symptoms.
You may have to try a few different types of treatment to find what works best. What matters is that you find a good fit. Cluster A personality disorders are marked by unusual behavior that can lead to social problems. We'll go over the different disorders in this cluster…. In some cases, attention-seeking behavior can be a sign of an underlying personality disorder. If left unchecked, attention-seeking behavior can often….
Learn about the four types of cluster B personality disorders. People with passive-aggressive behavior express their negative feelings subtly through their actions instead of handling them directly.
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